Publications

Wang, E. ., Castro, S., Zhang, L., Suen, M., Parris, M., Marks, A., Weser, V., Longhini, A., Strupp, K., Hernandez, M., Libaw, J., Kupiec-Weglinski, S., Lockhart, T., Olbrecht, V., Lau, L., Consortium, C., & Caruso, T. (2025). Augmented Reality Medical Simulation: A Multi-Site Study of Factors That Influence Acceptance. Pediatric Anesthesia. https://doi.org/10.1111/pan.70057

Rodriguez, S., Sheira, D., Castro, S., Zuniga-Hernandez, M., Wang, E., Gardner, K., Hijazi, M., Shang, L., Nguyen, H., Stacey, H., Young, L., Cocanower, C., Chriss, M., Jackson, C., Suen, M., & Caruso, T. (2025). Vibration therapy during needle procedures improves pain sensitivity while worsening pain threshold: A randomized, crossover study of healthy volunteers. The Journal of Vascular Access. https://doi.org/10.1177/1129729825136673

Yun, R. ., Arce, D., Bekemeyer, Z. J. C., Michel, G., Nan, G. ., Hoang, D., Caruso, T. J. ., & Carvalho, B. (2025). Virtual reality compared to nitrous oxide for labor analgesia: A feasibility pilot, prospective, randomized, cross-over, non-inferiority study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia, 64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijoa.2025.104758

Rama, A., & Caruso, T. (2025). Innovation in Simulation: Using Augmented Reality and Artificial Intelligence for Human Centered Medical Education. The European Society of Medicine, 13(7), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v13i7.6788

Puthenpura, V., Hunter, M., & Marks, A. (2025). “Techquity” in Pediatric, Adolescent, and Young Adult Oncology: Addressing Inequities Through Artificial Intelligence and Immersive Technologies. Pediatric Blood & Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.31909

Rama, A., Wainwright, K., & Caruso, T. (2025). Transforming anaesthesia education with extended reality: from preclinical training to independent clinical practice. Anaesthesia Reports, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/anr3.70016

Haija, M., Barsanti, N., Cotter, E., Zuniga-Hernandez, M., Titzler, J., Jackson, C., & Caruso, T. (2025). Virtual Reality as a Dietary Education Adjunct for Pediatric Patients With Obesity: A Pragmatic, Randomised Pilot Study. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 38(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.70054

Marks, A., Weser, V., Caruso, T., Persky, S., Homer, A., Gold, J., Williamson, E., & Hieftje, K. (2025). AMXRA Guidelines on Extended Reality and Children: Considerations and Recommendations for Application Development and Use. Journal of Medical Extended Reality, 2(1), 104–113. https://doi.org/10.1089/JMedXR.2024.0054

Rama, A., Rojas, M., Wang, E., Rodríguez, S., Suen, M. Y., Titzler, J., Zuniga-Hernandez, M., Jackson, C., Rosales, O., Collins, F., & Caruso, T. (2025). The Physiologic Effect of Augmented Reality Simulation Versus Traditional Simulation: A Noninferiority, Randomized Controlled Trial. The Journal of Education in Perioperative Medicine, (1). https://doi.org/10.46374/VolXXVII_Issue1_Rama

Jimenez, R., Zuniga-Hernandez, M., Suen, M. Y., Feng, R., Pinedo, K., Arshad, F., Collins, F., Ganesan, A., Jackson, C., Wang, E., Rodriguez, S., & Caruso, T. (2025). Culturally Sensitive Treatment of Caregiver Anxiety With Virtual Reality: A Prospective, Pragmatic, Randomized Study. Journal of Patient Experience, 12, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/2374373525132

McDaniel, S., Pines, R., He, E., Collins, F., Arshad, F., Menendez, M., Prabhu, V., & Caruso, T. (2025). Virtual Reality Therapeutic Art for Adult Hospitalized Patients and Caregivers: A Mixed-Methods Project. Journal of Patient Experience, 12, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1177/23743735251330467

Rodriguez, S., Jimenez, R., Wang, E., Zuniga-Hernandez, M., Titzler, J., Jackson, C., Suen, M. Y., Yamaguchi, C., Ko, B., Kong, J.-T., & Caruso, T. (2025). Virtual reality improves pain threshold and recall in healthy adults: A randomized, crossover study. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinane.2025.111816

Wang, E., Qian, D., Zhang, L., Li, B., Ko, B., Khoury, M., Renavikar, M., Ganesan, A., & Caruso, T. (2024). Acceptance of Virtual Reality in Trainees Using a Technology Acceptance Model: Survey Study. JMIR Medical Education, 10. https://doi.org/10.2196/60767

Yun, R., Kennedy, K., Titzler, J., Ganesan, A., Yamaguchi, C., Zuniga-Hernandez, M., Renavikar, M., Brinda, R., Jackson, C., Rohovit, S., & Caruso, T. (2024). A prospective, observational study of a pediatric affect and cooperation scale (HRAD±) for vascular access procedures. The Journal of Vascular Access. https://doi.org/10.1177/11297298241302897

Connell, J., Anito, M., Kageha, E., Caruso, T., Jackson, C., Sund, G., Kynes, J., & Nourian, M. (2024). Virtual reality for perioperative anxiety treatment in a resource-variable setting: an observational trial. Southern African Journal of Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 30(6), 180-184. https://doi.org/10.36303/SAJAA.3142

Wang, E. ., Kennedy, K. ., Zhang, L., Zuniga-Hernandez, M., Titzler, J., Li, B. ., Arshad, F., Khoury, M., & Caruso, T. . (2024). A technology acceptance model to predict anesthesiologists’ clinical adoption of virtual reality. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, 98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinane.2024.111595

He, E., Arshad, F., Li, B., Brinda, R., Ganesan, A., Zhang, L., Fehr, S., Renavikar, . M., Rodriguez, S. ., Wang, E., Rosales, O., & Caruso, T. . (2024). Awe Inducing Elements in Virtual Reality Applications: A Prospective Study of Hospitalized Children and Caregivers. Games for Health Journal. https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2024.0050

Yun, R., & Caruso, T. (2024). Identification and Treatment of Pediatric Perioperative Anxiety. Anesthesiology. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000005105

Li, B., Fereday, B., Wang, E., Rodriguez, S., Forssell, K., Bollaert, A. ., Menendez, M., & Caruso, T. (2024). Enhancement of Immersive Technology Use in Pediatric Health Care With Accessible, Context-Specific Training: Descriptive Feasibility Study. JMIR XR Spatial Computing, 1, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.2196/56447

Caruso, T., Rama, A., Uribe-Marquez, S., & Mitchell, J. (2024). Pro-Con Debate: Virtual Reality Compared to Augmented Reality for Medical Simulation. Anesthesia & Analgesia. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000007057

Yun, R., He, E., Zuniga, M., Guo, N., Wang, E., Ho, F., Pearson, M., Rodriguez, S., & Caruso, T. (2024). Augmented Reality Improves Pediatric Mask Induction: A Prospective, Matched Case-Control Study. Journal of Patient Experience, 11. https://doi.org/10.1177/23743735241241146

Yun, R., Qian, D., Wang, E., Zuniga, M., Forbes, T., Li, B., Rodriguez, S. ., Jackson, C., & Caruso, T. . (2024). A prospective, observational validation of HRAD±, a novel pediatric affect and cooperation scale . Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, 94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinane.2024.111410

Salimi-Jazi, F., Sabapaty, A., Santos Dalusag, K., Abrajano, C., Nguyen, J., Robinson, B., Caruso, T., Rodriguez, S., Hartman, G., & Chao, S. . (2024). Let Kids Play: Using Virtual Reality as a Substitute for General Anesthesia for Minor Procedures in Pediatric Population. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2024.01.002

Fonseca, A., Qian, D., Forbes, T., Li, B. ., Lee, C., Burdsall, K., Rodriguez, S., Jackson, C., Wang, E. ., & Caruso, T. . (2024). Reducing Preoperative Caregiver Anxiety With Virtual Reality: A Pragmatic, Randomized Controlled Study. Journal of Patient Experience, 11. https://doi.org/10.1177/23743735231220190

Nguyen, T., Yamaguchi, C., Tilton, L., & Caruso, T. (2023). Innovating pediatric care with social robots to alleviate anxiety. Pediatric Anaesthesia, 34. https://doi.org/10.1111/pan.14798

Rodriguez, S. ., Makarewicz, N., Wang, E. ., Zuniga-Hernandez, M., Titzler, J., Jackson, C., Suen, M. Y., Rosales, O., & Caruso, T. . (2023). Virtual reality facilitated exercise improves pain perception: A crossover study. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, 91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinane.2023.111257

Wang, E. ., Kennedy, K. ., Zhang, L., Qian, D., Forbes, T., Zuniga-Hernandez, M., Li, B. ., Domingue, B., & Caruso, T. (2023). Predicting pediatric healthcare provider use of virtual reality using a technology acceptance model. JAMIA Open, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.1093/jamiaopen/ooad076

Rama, A., Tsai, A. ., & Caruso, T. (2023). Enhancing Telemedicine Perioperative Simulations Using Augmented Reality. Journal of Education in Perioperative Medicine, 25(3). https://doi.org/10.46374/volxxv_issue3_Rama

Tsai, A., Bodmer, N., Hong, T., Frackman, A., Hess, O. ., Khoury, M., Jackson, C., & Caruso, T. (2023). Participant Perceptions of Augmented Reality Simulation for Cardiac Anesthesiology Training: A Prospective, Mixed-Methods Study. Journal of Education in Perioperative Medicine, 25(3). https://doi.org/10.46374/volxxv_issue3_Tsai

Friedman, N., Zuniga-Hernandez, . M., Titzler, J., Suen, M. Y. ., Wang, E., Rosales, O., Graham, J. ., D’Souza, P. ., Menendez, M. ., & Caruso, T. . (2023). Prehospital Pediatric Emergency Training Using Augmented Reality Simulation: A Prospective, Mixed Methods Study. Prehospital Emergency Care, 28(2), 271–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2023.2224876

Nguyen, A., Hemphill, S., Donahue, B., Menendez, M. ., Rodriguez, S., & Caruso, T. (2023). Use of virtual reality for targeted physical rehabilitation: Case report on managing functional motor disorder. Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, 16(2), pp. 415-423. https://doi.org/10.3233/PRM-210009

Simons, L., Hess, C., Choate, E., Van Orden, A., Tremblay-McGaw, A., Menendez, M., Boothroyd, D., Parvathinathan, G., Griffin, A., Caruso, T., Stinson, J., Weisman, A., Liu, T., & Koeppen, K. (2022). Virtual Reality–Augmented Physiotherapy for Chronic Pain in Youth: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial Enhanced With a Single-Case Experimental Design. JMIR Research Protocols, 11(12). https://doi.org/10.2196/40705

Rodriguez, S., & Caruso, T. (2022). What every anesthesiologist should know about virtual reality. Pediatric Anesthesia, 32(12), 1276-1277. https://doi.org/10.1111/pan.14464

Yun, R. ., Hess, O. ., Kennedy, K. ., Stricker, P., Blake, L. ., & Caruso, T. (2022). Assessing pediatric perioperative affect: A concise review of research and clinically relevant scales. Pediatric Anesthesia, 33(3), 243-249. https://doi.org/10.1111/pan.14568

Richey, A., Hastings, . K., Karius, A., Segovia, N., Caruso, T. ., Frick, S., & Rodriguez, S. (2022). Virtual Reality Reduces Fear and Anxiety During Pediatric Orthopaedic Cast Room Procedures: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, 42(10), 600-607. https://doi.org/10.1097/BPO.0000000000002250

Hess, O., Qian, J., Bruce, J., Wang, E., Rodriguez, S., Haber, N., & Caruso, T. (2022). Communication Skills Training Using Remote Augmented Reality Medical Simulation: a Feasibility and Acceptability Qualitative Study. Medical Science Educator, 32, 1005–1014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40670-022-01598-7

Rama, A., Neiman, N., Burdsall, K., Fonseca, A., Lee, C., Domingue, B., Jackson, C., & Caruso, T. (2022). Virtual Immersion into a Poorly-Managed Medical Crisis Worsens Subsequent Performance: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 70, 47-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2022.06.008

Qian, J., Rama, A., Wang, E., Wang, T., Hess, O., Khoury, M., Jackson, C., & Caruso, T. . (2022). Assessing Pediatric Life Support Skills Using Augmented Reality Medical Simulation With Eye Tracking: A Pilot Study. The Journal of Education in Perioperative Medicine, 24(3). https://doi.org/10.46374/volxxiv_issue3_qian

Neiman, N., Falkson, S. ., Rodriguez, S. ., Wang, E., Hemphill, S. ., Khoury, M. ., Kist, M., Jackson, C. ., & Caruso, T. . (2022). Quantifying virtual reality pain modulation in healthy volunteers: A randomized, crossover study. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, 80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinane.2022.110876

Yun, R., Kennedy, K. ., & Caruso, T. . (2022). Perioperative Pediatric Anxiety: A Cry for Universal Scale Adoption. Pediatric Quality & Safety, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.1097/pq9.0000000000000542

Alonzi, S., Caruso, T. ., Sindher, . S. ., Cao, S., Varadharajulu, . S., Collins, W. ., & Chinthrajah, R. S. (2022). Virtual Reality Reduces Pediatric Anxiety During Food Allergy Clinical Trials: A Pilot Randomized, Pragmatic Study. Frontiers in Allergy, 2. https://doi.org/10.3389/falgy.2021.779804

Caruso, T. ., Fonseca, A., Barreau, A., Khoury, M., Menendez, M., Wang, E., Lawrence, K., Jackson, C., & Rodriguez, S. (2021). Real-time reorientation and cognitive load adjustment allow for broad application of virtual reality in a pediatric hospital. Journal of Clinical and Translational Research, 7(6), 750-753. https://doi.org/10.18053/jctres.07.202101.006

Richey, A. ., Khoury, M., Segovia, N., Hastings, K. ., Caruso, T. ., Frick, S., & Rodriguez, S. (2021). Use of Bedside Entertainment and Relaxation Theater (BERT) to Reduce Fear and Anxiety Associated With Outpatient Procedures in Pediatric Orthopaedics. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, 42(1), 30-34. https://doi.org/10.1097/BPO.0000000000002005

Kennedy, K. ., Wang, E., Rodriguez, S., Qian, J., Khoury, M., Kist, M. ., Jackson, C., Yun, R., & Caruso, T. . (2021). Development and assessment of an efficient pediatric affect and cooperation scale. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, 76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinane.2021.110569

Taylor, J., Chandler, J. ., Menendez, M., Diyaolu, M., Austin, J. ., Gibson, M. ., Portelli, K. ., Caruso, T. ., Rodriguez, S., & Chao, S. (2021). Small surgeries, big smiles: using virtual reality to reduce the need for sedation or general anesthesia during minor surgical procedures. Pediatric Surgery International , 37, 1437–1445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00383-021-04955-6

Caruso, T. ., Armstrong-Carter, E., Rama, A., Neiman, N., Taylor, K., Madill, M., Lawrence, K., Hemphill, S. ., Guo, N., & Domingue, B. . (2021). The Physiologic and Emotional Effects of 360-Degree Video Simulation on Head-Mounted Display Versus In-Person Simulation: A Noninferiority, Randomized Controlled Trial. Simulation in Healthcare, 17(1), e105-e112. https://doi.org/10.1097/SIH.0000000000000587

Wren, A. ., Neiman, N., Caruso, T. ., Rodriguez, S., Taylor, K., Madill, M., Rives, H., & Nguyen, L. (2021). Mindfulness-Based Virtual Reality Intervention for Children and Young Adults with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Pilot Feasibility and Acceptability Study. Children, 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8050368

Hemphill, S., Rodriguez, S., Wang, E., Koeppen, K., Aitken-Young, B., Jackson, C., Simons, L., & Caruso, T. . (2021). Virtual Reality Augments Movement During Physical Therapy: A Pragmatic Randomized Trial. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 101(3). https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000001779